Georges Cuvier Biography

Sport as a Substitute for War Essay - 3367 Words

Sport is such a pervasive human activity that to ignore it is to overlook one of the most significant aspects of contemporary American society. It is a social phenomenon which extends into education, politics, economics, art, the mass media, and even international diplomatic relations. Involvement in sport, either directly as a participant, or indirectly as a spectator, is almost considered a public duty by many Americans. It has been observed that if there is a religion in America today, it is sport. (Sage 1974) Society views sporting events and game-playing as a means of fun, physical exercise, and even relaxation. In reality, sport has become the primary substitute for war in a society that seemingly thrives on the need to†¦show more content†¦Illustrations of symbolic references and war rhetoric must be investigated, with special attention given to footballs unique role in the sport-war association. Numerous studies have been performed that provide insight into the psychology of a society that, because of its requirement for aggressive outlets, has allowed sport to progress into a more war-like behavior. These analyses present conflicting views but are overwhelmingly in favor of the sport-war ideology. Studying the psychological aspects of aggressive behavior, and their place in sport and war, allow for final images to be drawn regarding sports integral role in society. IMAGES OF WAR Chronicles from times past have provided evidence that basketball, football, and lacrosse, to name only a few, have all descended from long forgotten games used to prepare warriors for combat. Various Olympic sporting events such as the marathon and javelin throw, for example, were molded from events that took place during ancient battles. These images are numerous and are not limited to any one race or civilization. American Indians have long participated in a sport they believe was given to them by their Creator. It was known as They Bump Hips or the Little Brother of War (Conover 1997). Today we know this game as lacrosse. Lacrosse is an aggressive sport requiring fierce competitiveness, speed, endurance, remarkable dexterity andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Cola War Case Based On Porter s Five Competitive Forces Essay1608 Words   |  7 PagesAnalyzing Cola War Case based on Porter’s Five Competitive Forces Due to globalization and this fast-growing business environment, firms struggle to earn above-average returns. They strive to establish a competitive advantage in order to earn higher returns. It is not enough for firms to establish a competitive advantage, they should also figure out ways to sustain it. There are several factors that can affect the competitiveness of a firm including customers, suppliers, existing rivals, new entrantsRead MoreHistory of Lacrosse Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesLacrosse is the oldest team sport in North America, having been played by Native American tribes long before any European had even set foot on the continent. A century after European missionaries discovered the game played by Native Americans, they began to play it themselves, starting in the 18th century. From there, it evolved and grew in popularity from a very savage game that resembled war, into what it is today, a recreational sport played widely in America and other countries. As U.S. Lac rosseRead More history of lacrosse Essay examples886 Words   |  4 Pages Lacrosse is the oldest team sport in North America, having been played by Native American tribes long before any European had even set foot on the continent. A century after European missionaries discovered the game played by Native Americans, they began to play it themselves, starting in the 18th century. From there, it evolved and grew in popularity from a very savage game that resembled war, into what it is today, a recreational sport played widely in America and other countries. As U.S. LacrosseRead MoreNetflix Inc Case Study1568 Words   |  7 Pagesthe consumer what they might want to watch based off of what they are currently watching or what they have watched in the past. Threat of Substitute Products and Services The threat of substitute products and services causes a company’s goods and services to be threatened by other company’s similar goods and services. For example, Netflix’s threats of substitutes are social media and cable television. Social media is a similar product to Netflix, but causes Netflix to lose business, because customersRead MoreThe Athletic Shoe Industry Is Made Up Of Companies That Produce Footwear For Athletic Use1638 Words   |  7 Pagesattractiveness of this industry: (1) the risk of entry by potential competitors, (2) the intensity of rivalry among established companies within an industry, (3) the bargaining power of buyers, (4) the bargaining power of suppliers, (5) the closeness of substitutes to an industry s products, and (6) the power of complement providers (Hill, Jones, Schilling, 2015). The Risk of Entry by Potential Competitors The threat of new entrants in the athletic shoe industry is very weak. Currently the market isRead MoreCoca-Cola Wars1150 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween both Coca-Cola and Pepsi products, the minimal product differentiation creates willingness from consumers for substitution and causes the company to force price cuts to increase sales. This was very obvious by Coca-Cola and Pepsi’s pricing wars and very heavy advertising and promotion expenses. The next force I took a look at was the threat of new entrants into the business. It is very hard for a new entrant to come into the concentrate industry and expect to compete with Coke and PepsiRead MoreAnalysis Of Walt Disneyssnow White 1716 Words   |  7 Pageshaving substitutes because as the price of one rises, the demand for the other rises. Walt Disney has its theme park called the Walt Disney World resort and it could be substitute with the Six Flags Park. The Walt Disney World resort is more expensive than Six flags even that they offer free transportation to all its hotels and other theme parks. In terms of sports, ABS and ESPN have substitutes too, they share the market with CBS, Fox sports, and NFL. But ESPN is still the prevailing sports networkRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of Wal Mart1109 Words   |  5 Pagescorporation. Presently, there is no such competition on the horizon. Substitutes and Complements: While Target and Walmart offer its customers the advantage of one stop shopping, competitive specialty stores present a real threat to certain departments. The sports department has to compete with Dick’s Sporting Goods, Academy Sports, and Sports Authority. Grocery store chains such as Food Lion, Bi-Lo, and Publix are attractive substitutes for the Super Target stores and Wal-Mart Supercenters. Best BuyRead MoreA Separate Peace, by John Knowles1079 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout human history, war has stood as a universal reaction to various conflicts between diverse peoples. War can embed itself into a culture over generations of fighting. So much so that there exists cultures that base themselves around the idea of war, creating hostile and bellicose peoples. At times, war may not even have grounds, but the aggressive nature of the people often cause it to proceed without justification. In A Separate Peace, wars such as these are seen between the charactersRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Products And Services1616 Words   |  7 PagesProducts and Services Today, Easy Run produces approximately one million pairs of athletic shoes annually. All sports footwear are categorized under the brand of Easy Run, including running, training, walking, hiking, baseball, basketball, tennis, golf, and soccer. Work shoes, sandals, boots, and casual styles are available through the company’s Easy Life brand, which joined the Easy Run’s family in 2011. The company launched its unique custom-made running shoes service in 2012 and customers could

Diabetes Mellitus As A Chronic Disorder - 1069 Words

Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder characterized by complete or partial insulin deficiency and/or cellular resistance to the actions of insulin which results in an accumulation of glucose in the blood leading to hyperglycemia. Several classifications of medications can be utilized to manage elevated blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus. Many formulations of insulin are available to manage blood glucose levels with variations in onset, peak, and duration. Insulin’s mechanism of action promotes cellular uptake of glucose along with potassium and conversion of glucose into glycogen. Oral antidiabetics have various mechanisms of actions, but ultimately work to increase insulin or alter carbohydrate metabolism in order to manage blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Other medications for supplemental control of glucose levels are amylin mimetics and incretin mimetics, which mimic the effects of naturally occurring peptides and can be used with insulin or oral antidiabetics. Amylin mimetics and incretin mimetics both decrease gastric emptying time and inhibit secretion of glucagon, but only incretin mimetics increase release of insulin. Amylin mimetics are used in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, whereas, incretin mimetics are used only with type 2 diabetes. In contrast to the above medications, hyperglycemic agents are utilized to manage hypoglycemia by increasing the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in order toShow MoreRelatedDiabetes Mellitus As A Chronic Disorder Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction What is Diabetes? Some will know and only a few will ask. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder. It has 3 different kinds, Type 1, Type 2 and Gestational diabetes. â€Å"The cause of diabetes is not known, but genetic, autoimmune, viral, environmental, and socioeconomic factors have all been implicated in the development of the disease† (Sawyer, pg 324). Some signs and symptoms of this disease include excessive thirst and appetite, increased urination, weight loss, fatigue, nausea and evenRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus As A Chronic Metabolic Disorder Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages Chapter - 23 Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that prevents the body to utilise glucose completely or partially. It is characterised by raised glucose concentration in the blood and alterations in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. This can be due to failure in the formation of insulin or liberation or action. Since insulin is produced by the p cells of the islets of Langerhans, any receding in the number of functioning cells will decrease the amountRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Serious Chronic Metabolic Disorder Associated With High Blood Sugar2086 Words   |  9 Pages Diabetes Mellitus MED 2056 Michela Leytham 12/7/2014 FT029 Jessica Ferreira Diabetes Mellitus is a serious chronic metabolic disorder associated with high blood sugar that affects the body’s ability to metabolize nutrients and use them as fuel. Normally the body uses carbohydrates and sugars that are eaten and breaks them down into a usable sugar in the body called glucose. Glucose has the ability to fuelRead MoreThe Chronic Illness Of Diabetes Mellitus1164 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Chronic illnesses affect many people, young and old; according to CDC data half of all Americans have had a chronic illness in their lifetime. Chronic illness is defined as any disorder that persists over a long period and affects physical, emotional, intellectual, social, spiritual functioning (Mosby’s Medical Dictionary, 2009). If you or anyone you know suffers from chronic illness you know how it can be quite taxing on financial health, peace of mind, emotional health, and familyRead MoreKidney Failure Essay846 Words   |  4 Pageshormone synthesis. Renal Failure The renal failure (kidney failure) is dangerous disorder which can affect the function of the kidneys. Stein (2002) defines the renal failure as a condition in which the kidneys are less able than normal to do their usual function. There are two classes of the kidney failure. The first one is acute renal failure which is abbreviated to (ARF) and the second one is chronic renal failure where can be shortened to (CRF). Gaw et al (2008) identified the differencesRead MoreEssay on Diabetes898 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that occurs when the body is unable to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose to enter the cells of the body and generate the bodys energy (Ebony, 115). Diabetes is a disease that affects approximately 3% of the world population. In American alone, 10.3 million people report having diabetes, while an estimated 10 million more individuals may have undiagnosed diabetes (Morwessel, 540). The gene for diabetes is locatedRead MoreEssay on Chronic Renal Failure830 Words   |  4 Pagesfunctioning. One of these diseases is renal failure (kidney failure), a dangerous disorder. Stein (2002) defines renal failure as a condition in which the kidneys are less able than normal to do their usual function. There are two classes of kidney failure: acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF). This essay will focus on CRF and explain its two major causes. Chronic Renal Failure Chronic renal failure is progressive destruction of kidney tissue by disease; if not treatedRead MoreEssay on Diabetes Mellitus1381 Words   |  6 Pages1. Discuss the pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition in which the body has the inability to produce insulin or react normally to insulin. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is extremely complex, as diabetes mellitus is characterized by different types but share common symptoms and complications. Diabetes mellitus is classified in two types: Type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Although the disease is characterized by different etiologiesRead MoreEssay on Diabetes Mellitus1282 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes mellitus is a collection of common metabolic disorders. The scenario of passing large amount of urine is described by the Greek and Roman physicians as diabetes whereas the term mellitus refers to sweet taste (Barrett, Barman, Boitano, Brooks, 2012). The name of the disease reveals one of the important clinical manifestation, that is, passing sweet-tasted urine, and in the other word, the presence of sugar in the urine. Besides that, Funk (2010) stated that there are three most commonRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus And The Long Term Complications1385 Words   |  6 Pagespaper is to give a general idea of diabetes mellitus, epidemiology, role factors and complications that arise from it, comparing and exhibiting the distinctions between type I type II diabetes, the people who are in jeopardy of developing diabetic renal diseases and hypert ension due to the complications identifying the general pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus the long term complications that may transpire. Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus is one of the very prevalent metabolic

Human Evolution Myth or Fact - 1301 Words

The debate of human evolution being fact or fiction has been around for hundreds of years. Evidence of human ancestry has been found in many parts of the world and these fossils found have been proven to be human. The parts of the world include Eurasia and Africa. Although fossils are found in Eurasia, the human ancestor the Hominoidea has been traced back to the Miocene epochs, which were 23 to 5 million years ago. The Hominoidea is a super-family, which contains many species that are existent today including, gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzee, and humans. Throughout history humans have migrated and evolved, as evolution occurred humans became more technologically advanced, while the other species in Hominoidea remained the same.†¦show more content†¦The anatomical and genetic divergence appalled scientists, thus altering human evolution in the last few hundred thousand years. Morally, human evolution has become even more of a mystery in one portion, while another i s well defined. An allusion at new complexity came from a femur in a cave called Sima de los Huesos. The DNA from the femur once again was Denisovans, thus corroborating they weren’t just in Siberia. Since the seventies scientist have brought back several fossils from Spain. Dr. Arsuaga alone has found twenty-eight complete skeletons of humans over three decades. DNA from Spain explained that the humans in the cave were neither Neanderthal or Denisovan, but a hybrid of the two. Beth Shapiro an expert in ancient DNA believes the humans from Sima de los Huesos could be yet another branch of humans. Humans have been interbreeding with the other species too, proven in a discovery that Neanderthal and human interbreed approximately fifty thousand years ago (Zimmer 2013). There are four initial stages of human evolution that don’t include pre-human primates which are: Australopithecus, three million years ago; Homo habilis, two million years ago; Homo erectus, one million ye ars ago; and Homo sapiens, two hundred thousand years ago to present-day. Human derivation and evolution transpired in the tropical environments of the eastern hemisphere, and it spanned about twenty million yearsShow MoreRelatedHuman Evolution Myth or Fact1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe debate of human evolution being fact or fiction has been around for hundreds of years. Evidence of human ancestry has been found in many parts of the world and these fossils found have been proven to be human. The parts of the world include Eurasia and Africa. Although fossils are found in Eurasia, the human ancestor the Hominoidea has been traced back to the Miocene epochs, which were 23 to 5 million years ago. The Hominoidea is a super-family, which contains many species that are existent todayRead MoreEvolution Before Darwin1590 Words   |  7 PagesMuch the same way Darwin based his theory of evolution on patterns that he had observed on the Galapagos Islands, I base the arguments presented in t his paper on patterns that I have observed in ancient creation myths regarding the creation of the world. What once felt like a random bombardment of infinite stories, now feels like a handful of calculable stories told by an infinite number of story tellers. Darwins theory of evolution, his creation myth regarding the origin of the world and of speciesRead MoreRace, Monogamy And Other Lies They Told You936 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Mills Name: Pawanjit Singh Race, Monogamy and Other Lies They Told You: Myth Busting Toolkit: Chapters 1, 2 3 1. What is a myth? What are they composed of? Are they always false? How do they come into being? A simple definition of a myth is a story handed down through history, often through oral tradition, that explains or gives value to the unknown. Myths are composed of stories or explanations. Myths are not always false sometimes they have some truth to them. They come to being byRead MoreCreationism in Public School Science Class Essay923 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause it has no supporting evidence, it is not equal to evolution, and religious myths can not be taught in public schools in an officially non religious nation. ...[I]ndividual scientists and philosophers of science have provided substantive critiques of intelligent design, demonstrating significant conceptual flaws in its formulation, a lack of credible scientific evidence, and misrepresentations of scientific facts.(AAAS). This statement says that creationism has no evidenceRead MoreWill the Earliest Hominid Please Standup?: Evoultion Exposed Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pages Will the Earliest Hominid Please Stand Up? Evolution Exposed Evolution and religion has been a disputable discussion over the decades. Religious believers simply discarded the idea that humans have came from swinging monkeys. Although it is a scientific theory, it is backed up by the heavy weight of scientific evidence. The first thing that one might consider is that religion is composed by thousands of individual memes, which supports myths, moralities, and complex ideas or memeplexes, whichRead MoreCreation Theories Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesWithout the bible humans would not be able to depict different theories of creation. The Old and New Testament are not considered in many people, but it is known by all. Theories that have affected different religions are creation, evolution, and mythology. With 6,775,235,700 people walking the earth, every person has his/her personal opinions about the world’s existence. In the book of Genesis, Christian Scholars have described the work of God in his seven days of constructing the world. WatersRead MoreEssay about Art, Liberation, Rebellion and Relevance868 Words   |  4 PagesArt is creation, not to say that every creation is necessarily art. The seed of creation is thought. â€Å"To think is first of all to create a world (Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus and other essays, 1955, p. 99).† The creative process is an undoubtedly a psychological one and therefore ultimately rooted in the physiology of the human body. The human psyche is faced with a duality and it is in this that psychology, art, rebellion and liberation are intimate. These intimate relationships, in ways and byRead MoreEvolutionism : The Truth Behind Humans1647 Words   |  7 PagesEvolutionism: The Truth Behind Humans Is the evolution theory a fact or a myth? This is the question I pondered for quite some time as I contemplated on the idea of the origin of human species. Were we created by a higher power or are we descendants of ape like ancestors? Hundreds of articles and substantial proof have helped shape my belief that evolution in fact, does exist. What is evolutionism? The definition of evolution found in an article states that â€Å"evolution is that all life on earth isRead MoreCreationism Vs. Creationism : Theories Based On Personal Beliefs, Religious Values, And Scientific Information951 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, there has never been a more debatable question than that of evolution versus creationism. Human evolution always tends to cause a heated dispute in modern society. â€Å"These conflicts between Evolution and Creationism occur when evolutionists argue that creationism is not a scientific theory because it cannot be tested by the scientific method (Sarfati Ph.D., n.d.).† Science requires a hypothesis or theory be testable and reinforced by physical evidence, but religion requiresRead MoreThe Myth Of The Sphinx, An Oracle, And An Incestuous Family Of Epic Proportions1013 Words   |  5 PagesWith all of the myths that have come to life on the big screen, this is one that may never make it . It can be said that with all of the elements it possess it would be a prime opportunity to bring to life the different aspects of humanity and its myth. Bringing the myth of the sphinx, an oracle, and an incestuous family of epic proportions. Each of these different myths played a large role in Greek mythology and other myths around the world. Seeking the difference between each evolution of Oedipus’s

The Story of Salt Free Essays

The book suggested for this book report is â€Å"The story of salt† written by the author Mark Kurlansky. The book in whole educates people about the significance of a simple element â€Å"salt†. This book is not just for the adults but also for the teenagers and the primary level students. We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of Salt or any similar topic only for you Order Now This book introduces the readers with the common facts that had been off-beat. This book is reviewed on a large scale and recommended by many of its readers. About the author: The author of this book Mark Kurlansky is well-known among the book lovers. He has been awarded with the James Beard Award for Excellence in Food Writing. His many writing includes â€Å"A biography of fish which changed the view. And this is an achievement in itself, if a book writer really changes one’s perspective towards any subject (The Random House Group, 2009). The most common feature in his books is salt. Just for the sake of knowing the facts about salt and how does this substance can really change the contemporary picture of the world, he travelled to many countries in the world. The countries he visited are China, Middle East, and Africa. Mark Kurlansky writing pieces includes, â€Å"The big oyster†, â€Å"The last fish tale†, â€Å"1968 (the year when the world was rocked) and many more† (Random House, INC, 2009). These writing pieces by the author have focused the food and greatly salt. In this paper will discuss his book â€Å"The story of the salt† About the book: This book deals with the ubiquitous and such a simple substance, salt. How salt helped the civilizations to evolve and how it bring change in the economy in the World. Salt is the substance which can make a country become the most powerful. In this book the significance of the salt tells all the facts and secrets has been revealed. Salt is most important to superpowers like America to control the world. This book reveals that how important salt is for the human body. Illustrations: This book contains many vibrant, attention-grabbing and supportive illustrations with text which made it easy for the readers to understand the importance of the simple substance salt. There are illustrations symbolizing the different civilization and the use of the salt in their era. Main Idea: At first when salt was used in the meals with meat and other types of meat (white meat, beef) but its industrial use got raise when salt was discovered as the best preservative. And that’s when the use of the salt became more common. Almost every state’s economy is greatly affected (in raise or loss) by the frozen food because of the new trends of intake of food. America in particular has the industry of frozen food selling on the highest score (Kurlansky, 2006). The question that arises in our minds is that if the salt was not discovered as a preservative, then how it would be the state of the frozen food cultured economies? This shows the evident importance of the salt in the economic affairs of the state. Did you ever thought about when using the table salt? In this book Mark provided records of the first use of salt different countries. For example, China started its production for salt nearly 8000 B. C before. Mark introduces to the foodie culture of China that they sprinkle salt rightly on their food (Kurlansky, 2006). This book also deals with many famous bodies from the history involved in the history of salt. For example, Gandhi was the one who broke the law of Britain regarding salt which damaged their trade of salt. Another example from the book is of Clarence Birdseye. He is the biggest name in the market of frozen foods (Kurlansky, 2006). This book also tells about the phenomenon of colonialism which was greatly affected or being revolutionized by the salt. The salt trade helped those states which had their salt sources on the list. And when war broke out, the colonists had to find their mass of salt in order to track back their colonialism (Kurlansky, 2006). Mark in this book takes us back to the beginning of the time when prior to civilizations, men as a vagrant and rolling stone use to wonder in the world to find the salt masses which was and is necessary for the human bodies. In the search men discovered many other natural resources so titling that salt was the reason behind the discoveries of world’s many important land recourses (Kurlansky, 2006). This book holds record from all the international history as well as political history of different states and how these states gathered their sources on the basis of mass of salts. Salt is called as the key for the explorations era. Salt was used by many countries for different purpose. For example, how the people of Egypt used salt as a preserver for keeping the bodies of their kings and emperors fresh and preserved. Salt was greatly consumed for this reason (Kurlansky, 2006). Ketchup is commonly used with every food, especially in the regions America, Europe and Mexico. A very interesting point to note from the book is that how salt helped making the ketchup. Because Mark was a food writer too, he included ketchup in a very witty style in his book with the right illustrations to go with it. Therefore reading the text from the book it is quite evident that choosing such a topic and to describe it in such a good way really help him deserves the best outcome of the hard work. This book â€Å"The Story of Salt† is the best seller by Mark. Moreover the author’s goal specifically in this book is to educate people about the little facts that are of less importance to them. And he is successful in this regard. How to cite The Story of Salt, Papers

Strategies adopted by Global Steel-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Carry out a Critical Analysis and Evaluation of the Strategies adopted by Global Steel Manufacturers. Answer: Introduction The business corporation motives and goals are primarily limited to the home markets but the entity also has some internal or overseas operations to be executed. This has been considered as the main motive of a business organization for the establishment of the global strategies. The multinational, global and international tactics are designed and developed for enabling the business organization in attaining the pre-determined targets and the goals. The major goals which have been given the priority and is required to be essentially and effectively accomplished are the international expansion of the business operations (Lynch 2014). From the business perspective, the entity will be attaining a rapid boost in the sales graph and profits. The global strategy can also be proven beneficial for the business firm if the economic condition of the entity is poor in the home markets and global expansion is the only left opportunity for covering the losses and attainment of profits. The below- executed analysis has been made focusing on the growth and expansion strategies of Tata Group. The business entity is an Indian steel manufacturer which is headquartered in Mumbai Maharashtra, India and is a well-renowned subsidiary of Tata group. The group is diversified its business operations in various sectors such as Tata Steel, Tata Motors etc. and have a great market share all over the globe. Critical evaluation of Portfolio and integrated organization perspective The successful business organizations make strategic choices for the operations and the activities which are essentially required to be implemented or delivering the vision (De Wit and Meyer, 2014). These choices aid the business entity in developing the strategic portfolio decisions and which are liable and empirical in impacting the success of the organization. Moreover, these activities also include the functions such as enhancing the customers services, bringing growth or entering a region or market. The below presented is the critical evaluation of the portfolio organization perspective and integrated organization perspective: Moreover, top-down perception from a strategic bottoms-up viewpoint, both the approaches forms a key part of this concept (De Wit and Meyer, 2010). Enhancement in the efficiencies and competitiveness are the result of the seamless process integration which follows the chain formed respectively mine-to-manufacture-to-customer. The products and the services provided by the business entity were capable of managing and coping with the competitors. Installation of blast furnace at Jamshedpur Works was considered as a novel technique and which was developed for cooling down the blast furnace (Grinblatt and Titman, 2016). An addition of its 100th product to its portfolio was done by Tata Steel during the establishment of this crucial hollow section which was named as Celsius 420. An enhancement in the efficiency in the structure creation was observed due to the installation of this section and also a reduction in the expenses incurred and material usage. Innovation and development of produc ts, introduction of new brands, diversification in the products line and also an increase in the customer base and also cost reduction initiatives were made by the business corporation due to the intensification in the competitive environment from China and other multinational corporations (Peng, 2013). Additionally the business company likewise quickened the business and operational change activities and further the emphasis was given on the justification lastly it swung to occupy the attention on the improving the item blend and expanding fares to new districts and markets. The below mentioned are the merits and demerits of making use of Portfolio organization perspective: Merits This approach will also be aiding the business entity in minimizing and reducing the exposure to risks if any (Johnson, 2017). The portfolio perspective approach will also be allowing ta minimization in and reduction in the expenses incurred for operating the project and which will also be bringing a decline or elimination of duplicate efforts. Demerits There are very limited de-merits of this approach such as this approach will make the business corporation to lose the ability of the firm of impacting and stimulating the business in a positive way (Cummings and Worley, 2014). The presented are the benefits which will be attained by the business entity by utilization of the below mentioned approaches: By adoption of integrated organization perspective, the business corporation will be experiencing an enhancement in the transparency of information for allowing agility in decision and will also enable robust and future proofed systems (Peteraf, Gamble, and Thompson, 2014). From a recent survey, it was observed that approximately Rs 33 Crore within few months was found due on the process of implementation of the integrated perspective, the expenses incurred for maintaining workforce was also minimized from $200 to $140 per ton in the year 2000 and the inventory carrying cost also got a deflation from RS190 to Rs155. And hence it has been concluded that both the perspectives can be adopted in the business organization and gain maximum utilization of the systems (Lynch 2014). Technological and business model innovation through strategic alliances, MAs In the wake of obtaining the UK-based steel manufacturer Corus which is headquartered in London, the business company noticed that there is a requirement for joint effort of the business stage. This necessity was because of the workforce who is situated in assorted areas, in order to make them cooperate proficiently and viably. Microsoft SharePoint was the mechanism which was considered by the business corporation as very much relevant and used as a strategic way of developing knowledge, management of the workforce and also of the assets for the different organizations on the global level (Dashwood, 2012). This mechanism aided the workforce on a large scale, adoption of this platform helped approx. number of 80,000 workforce by sharing schedules, and store files in its MYSQL database. Moreover, this instrument also helped the association, in a manner of speaking, and besides, the best test went with the need of fortification in view of a generous number of workers and data set in the information system. Regardless, the conflict was taken care of when the organization attained DocAve support and restore. On the basis of the research executed by tata, (2016), it has been noted that a Global University Collaboration Program was launched by the Tata Group which led to the strategic partnerships between group corporations and leading universities all over the globe. For instance, the first alliance was formed in June 2016, which generated of about 5.6 million in funds which was offered for the prestigious University Fellowship scheme of Royal society, UK. In August 2016, financial support of $25 million was promised to top universities which included Harvard University, Yale University and the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. The following are the some of the technological innovations which has been introduced by the organization such as, the doors are termite proof, light in weight and are also designed in different sizes and shapes as per the requirements, colors and embossed designs or plain wood finish which has made them look natural wooden appearance (Goetsch and Davis, 2014). Steel and aesthetic value of wood is the two main components which have been providing the doors with an ultimate strength. And due to this, the doors do not require maintenance free and also will not be requiring any kind of protection or treatment for pesticides. The doors are also fire resistant which ensures safety and security. Moreover, the quick and easy installation process is one more advantage of this product and this also adds to the popularity of Pravesh Doors (Grant, 2016). These doors are also recyclable since they rarely wear out, environment-friendly and offer complete comfort to users in terms of price, qualit y, durability, and security. On the basis of the survey made by the Indiatoday (2017), it has been observed that the Tata group has added another protruding entity to its growing roster of international acquisitions. And this all will be done by the takeover of the two automobiles marquees Jaguar and Land Rover, the Tata group of $28.8 billion with 98 companies in its fold. Moreover, the corporation paid $12 billion for acquiring Anglo- Dutch Steel maker Corus. The business group has made three major mergers worth $13 billion in the last years. The business entity has also been facing number of cyclical swings due to number of reasons such as abundance limit development, fluctuations in the expenses incurred on security and which also accelerated the global economic crisis 2009 and this prompted a minimization in the request of steel all through the globe and all the more so in the development and automation (Lynch, 2006). Tata steel industry turned its regard for the inclination for cost skilled operations and resources with the motivation behind keeping its market organized recuperation. In the year 2009 nations like China and India encountered a progression in general economies which expanded the energy for steel among the attempts that requested were mining and transporting wanders, this made the costs of foul materials, for example, iron, coal, and scrap among others to produce quickly and Tata amass was besides immensely affected and to modify up to the issue. It has additionally been noticed that Tata group has extended the general security confine for unrefined materials by levels of 25% to 65% inside the accompanying couple of years, the social event made sense of how to stake 35% on Mozambique's Benga coal broaden Riversdale of which the organization has recognized on the agreement (Hatch and Cunliffe, 2012). This will make the prerequisite for coal as an unrefined material for the entity and which has been considered as critical; together with this the social affair has gone fur ther and got itself organize conveyance one envision from the New Millennium capital Corp. in Canada. These methods have given esteem sureness and moreover an objective purpose behind recovering the expenses from the customers (Avepoint 2017). On the preface of the cash related report 2014-2015, the operational execution was ominously influenced by the managerial occasions in the mining section. In light of the mine coal charge that was passed in the Rajya-Sabha on nineteenth march 2015, fragments of the mines stayed close causing a great deal of stress and agitating impacts in the consistent operations of the relationship regardless in spite of each and every one of those vulnerabilities the affiliation reacted unequivocally and is liaising with the diverse state governments on finishing documentation for the augmentation of the mining lease and guaranteed that the grungy materials were open and the time stretched out by 3% from the past financial years (Bender, 2013). In spite of the trial of surrendered people, the affiliation went up against a noteworthy measure of conflict from the South East Asia because of the Chinese expanded rate of section from the prior years of which the affiliation concentrates on cost sharing activities and downstream market strategy what's more the NatSteel a portfolio relationship of Tata steel in Asia controls the resistance from the Chinese by sourcing billets at focused costs starting great market can predict clients (Tata 2017). According to T.V. Narendran, managing director of Tata Steel India and South East Asia a number of initiatives were taken by Tata Steel which comprised of the green field expansion project in which the business entity invested more than Rs.25, 000 Crore, the Greenfield steel project in Kalinganagar in Odisha which has plans for further growth and development. The business entity has been facing financial issues at its European operations but then also the branches which are operated in India have got all the funds which are essentially required for operating the business activities that it requires from the Tata Steel board (trade.gov 2016), According to the author the business entity conceived a plant in 2005-2006 and there were issues of land acquiring and due to that there was a delay and could start only in 2010. The main reason for the delay was the increase in the cost which was approx. Rs.25, 000 crores in the first phase. The principal period of the venture of 3 million tons (mt) was charged in 2016. On completion of this venture, Tata Steel's current limit will increment from 10 mt to 16 mt. Tata as additionally think of another Iron making with a test hung on the HIsarna pilot plant at its IJmuiden works in the Netherlands that will enhance asset proficiency and increment the rate of iron creation. The business entity has made innovation in the product line and introduced new steel doors and whose Launch of Pravesh Doors was held on 16th July '14 at Contai. The doors were introduced with new technology in making the doors with several modifications and upgrades, for instance, a beauty of wood and the strength of steel. Corporate governance, CSR, sustainability, and leadership On the basis of the report which has been executed from the Tata steel corporate governance 2014-2015, the management has adopted the Guidelines referred by Tata Group on Board Effectiveness. For fulfilling corporate governance responsibilities towards stakeholders this approach has been adopted. The concept of corporate governance within the Tata Group has been segmented in two major divisions. Vision and purpose of the Business Corporation and Tata code of conduct. The business corporation is committed towards bringing improvements and advancements in the quality of the life of the society and this is done by striving for leadership and global competitiveness in the concerning business sectors (Tata 2017). The operations of returning to the society and earned by the entity have been developing trust among the consumers, shareholders, employees and the society. The business corporation has always been value driven which aids in the continuation of the growth and success of the Tata group. And the mission of the entity is to bring advancements and improvements in the life oof the societies in which the business is operated on an international level and by developing long-term stakeholder value creation which is based on leadership and trust. Moreover, the report is concerned about the ultimate authorities provided to the Board and processes kept in place for monitoring and evaluating the firms operations (Rothaermel, 2015). Aiding the board and assisting in the same is also one of the major features of the guidelines. Selection of board is done by The Nomination and Remuneration Committee and the principal capacity of this affiliation is observing on qualities, abilities, and experience of the Board all in all and its individuals with the goal of having a Board with various foundations and involvement in business, government, instruction and open. All together for the organization to adapt up to the general public a few boards have been set down, which function s for incorporating corporate social obligation panel and whose restrictions incorporate. For providing detail and prescribe to the Board, a Corporate Social Responsibility Policy shall: Indication of the functions to be executed by the business corporation as mentioned specifically in Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013; The expenses incurred on the CSR operations should be recommended (Lasserre, 2012); The CSR Policy of the business corporation should be monitored on regular basis. The group has a belief that corporate social responsibility is a critical mission that is at the heart of everything that it does. The business entity follows a commitment of integration of environmental, social and ethical principles into core business and which enables the group in enhancing the long term values of stakeholders and also enhancing the lives of over a quarter of the worlds population. The aim of the of the CSR programs is to be relevant in the terms of local, domestics and international which also keeps disadvantaged societies and groups in focus. This is based on the globally agreed sustainable development principles. Another board of trustees is the Risk Management Committee which plays out a few obligations i.e. key dangers in administering, including money related, participation and consistency chances that help the Board in surrounding, executing and observing the hazard administration get ready for the Company and assessing and directing the hazard strategy, creating hazard administration arrangement and also the system and structure for the business entity (Haynes, Nunnington and Eccles, 2017). The association moreover has procedures that help the agents in adjusting up to their regular daily existence instance of these courses of action fuses the retirement outline, re game plans this guarantees the laborers who have data, capacities and are capable on their work can be re-assigned to their positions (Thompson, 2012). The tradition of entrepreneurship and good governance has propelled Tata companies to gain leadership positions in several industries (Tata 2017). For instance, Tata Steel has been ranked in the top ten steel makers all over the globe, and the entity is also the second most geographically diversified steel producers in the world. Personal reflection Global manufacturing is the sector that has been serving in various regions all over the globe and the main variables of the concept are compatibility, configuration, coordination, and control. For being marketable the business entity has been making use of subsidiaries or agents or the organization. The business organization has been confronting a number of difficulties and are handled expertly so as not to demolish the notoriety of the organization. At the point when organizations join and frame collisions they both advantage and even the general public advantage from the partnerships in various courses relying upon the sort of association and they can advertise each other, test items and administrations. For development and growth, the strategic alliances can be in the form of merger and acquisitions. For building and setting up strategic plans, monitoring corporate performance, risk management plan and also for maintaining good governance with good and effective management the bo ard is held responsible and due to this, the firm will be able to attain its goals. Conclusion In the limelight of the above-executed analysis, it has been concluded that global corporate strategy and also the determination of the key strategic issues in the global steel manufacturing industry has been done. Moreover, the analyzed report comprises of the portfolio and integrated organization perspective approach and also the best utilization of the both the models for the business entity have been done. Further, the analysis also includes the explanation of corporate social responsibility and corporate governance is also done. References Avepoint, 2017, Case study, Tata steel satisfies share point backup and restore slas within Docave, Assessed on 8th August 2017, https://www.avepoint.com/assets/pdf/case_study/Case-Study-Tata-Steel.pdf. Bender, R., 2013.Corporate financial strategy. Routledge. Capaldi, N. ed., 2013.Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility(Vol. 21). New York: Springer. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Dashwood, H.S., 2012.The rise of global corporate social responsibility: Mining and the spread of global norms. Cambridge University Press. De Wit, B. and Meyer, R. 2010 Strategy Process, Content, and Context International Perspective, 4th Edition, Cengage Learning. De Wit, B. and Meyer, R. 2014 Strategy, an International Perspective, 5th Edition, Cengage Learning. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Grinblatt, M. and Titman, S., 2016.Financial markets corporate strategy. Hatch, M.J. and Cunliffe, A.L., 2012.Organization theory: modern, symbolic and postmodern perspectives. Oxford university press. Haynes, B., Nunnington, N. and Eccles, T., 2017.Corporate real estate asset management: Strategy and Implementation. Taylor Francis. Johnson, G., 2017.Exploring strategy: text and cases. Pearson. Lasserre, P., 2012.Global strategic management. Palgrave Macmillan. Lynch, R, 2014, What is global strategy? And why is it important?, Assessed on 8th August 2017, https://www.global-strategy.net/what-is-global-strategy/. Lynch, R. 2006, Corporate Strategy, Fourth Edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall. Peng, M.W., 2013.Global strategy. Cengage learning. Peteraf, M., Gamble, J. and Thompson Jr, A., 2014.Essentials of strategic management: The quest for competitive advantage. McGraw-Hill Education. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Tata, 2017, Tata, Assessed on 8th August 2017, https://www.tata.com/0_our_commitment/community_initiatives/tcci.html,. Thompson, G., 2012.The constitutionalization of the global corporate sphere?. Oxford University Press on Demand. trade.gov, 2016, Global steel trade monitor, Assessed on 8th August 2017, https://www.trade.gov/steel/pdfs/07192016global-monitor-report.pdf. tata, 2016, The strategic alliances are built around a shared research vision, Assessed on 8th August 2017, https://www.tata.com/article/inside/tata-group-universities-partnership. Indiatoday, 2017, Major overseas acquisitions by Tata group, Assessed on 8th August 2017, https://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Major+overseas+acquisitions+by+Tata+Group/1/6221.html. Tata, 2017, Values and purpose, Assessed on 8th August 2017, https://www.tata.com/aboutus/articlesinside/Values-and-purpose. Tata, 2017, Leadership, Assessed on 8th August 2017, https://www.tata.com/aboutus/articlesinside/Leadership.

Committee on Legal and Constitutional

Question: Discuss about the Committee on Legal and Constitutional. Answer: Introduction: Adam Smith asked several questions into Inquiry into the Origins and Causes of the Wealth of Nations held in 1776, and one of the questions was whether it is possible for corporations to contribute public service in the form of human social and environmental capital at the same time while increasing their profits, and whether it is desirable or just foolish thing to try[1]. From that time, concept of corporate social responsibility is the hot topic of debate throughout the world. However, there is no universal definition of corporate social responsibility, and it is described as the ability of company to balance the impact of its operations on social, economic and environmental[2]. There are number of examples of multinational organizations which conduct their operations in such manner as it maximizes the profits of the company at any cost such as NIKE which operates their factories in the countries where working conditions are poor and they also employing childrens and also NESTLE w hich engage in marketing practices unethically and they utilize the child labor and they also receive electricity supply which is manipulating for the purpose of maximizing their profits at the cost of citizens of California[3]. In this essay, we consider whether Australia must amend its section 181 by considering the example of section 172 of the United Kingdom Act, and amend the section as per the wordings of section 172 of the Companies Act 2006. Subsequently, this paper is concluded with brief conclusion. Importance of directors accountability: Because of the examples stated above, it is necessary to review the operations of the company on periodically basis for the purpose of preventing such things in the future. For achieving this target the important part for hitting is duties of directors. In past years, directors of the company are considered as the guardian and protector of the amount invested by shareholders of the company, and as per various case laws and legislations it is necessary that directors must act in the best interest of the company. However, the main issue in this paper states whether duties of directors stated by Australian law allowed the directors to act in the best interest of the other stakeholders other than shareholders. According to the Austin J, the issue whether directors of Australian organizations are liable towards other stakeholders may be considered from last few years[4]. During the period of 1989, Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs (the Senate Committee) reviewe d this issue in Australia, and this committee reached the conclusion that the corporation legislation at this time was recognizing the interest of all stakeholders. On the other hand, in United Kingdom this issue was reviewed by the UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and they reached on different conclusion. This review result in the introduction of the Companies Act 2006 (UK) (Companies Act), and this Act firstly codified the duties of directors in UK. However, Section 172 of the Act states some mandatory considerations for directors which is directly relates with the interest of other stakeholders such as employees, customers, suppliers, and environment. Provisions of section 172 also ensure that directors must protect the interest of shareholders and promote the companys success[5]. Duties and powers of directors: For the purpose of confirming the amendments in the current duties of directors especially in section 181 of the Act, it is necessary to understand the current duties off directors stated under law and statute. In number of cases, management power of the company is imposed in the directors of the company. The power imposed under directors are derived from both constitution of the company as well as the corporations act. According to Section 198A of the Act directors are responsible to manage the business of the company under their directions[6]. However it must be noted that Section 198A is the replaceable rule, and number of constitution of the companies adopted the similar provision which state that authority to manage the business is delegated to the directors of the company. However, if such provision is not present in the constitution of the company then it limit the power of directors[7]. In large companies, directors have power over the large amount of assets, and as per the interpretation of the Court power of directors are very wide for the purpose of managing the business. As the senate committee in 1989 stated directors of the organizations are both mind and soul of the company[8]. However, it was confirmed by Privy Council in two cases that is Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd [1974] AC 821[9] and Imperial Hydropathic Hotel Company Blackpool v Hampson (1882) 23 Ch D 1[10] that directors can also make decision against the will of the directors. In case management power of the company is imposed under the director then resolution passed by the shareholders of the company is not effective, and shareholders have only choice to amend the companys constitution and put limitation on the power of the director for the purpose of preventing the future mistakes[11]. Section 180-184 of the Corporation Act 2001: Section 180-184 is explained by the Senate committee, and as per this the main purpose of directors duties is to protect the interest of those peoples who entrust their interest in the care of other people, and act ensure this by introducing various provisions related to breach of conduct by imposing liability[12]. As per PJC introduction of such provisions allowed the shareholders to invest their money by believing that directors of the company works in the best interest of the company. While investing in the company, shareholders actually investing in the capacity of directors of the company[13]. As above stated, duties of directors stated in corporation law and general law mainly prevent the directors from misusing their power. However, it is clear that there is fiduciary relationship between the company and directors, and it is necessary that directors must use their power for the best interest of their shareholders rather than their o wn interest or for the interest of the third parties. Therefore, Section 181-184 usually imposed duties on directors towards shareholders. However, it must be noted that directors are also responsible towards the other stakeholders other than shareholders of the company. Usually, Submissions made to CAMAC show that directors of the company are allowed to consider some external factors also, if such factors directly or indirectly provide benefit to the shareholders collectively. PJC also stated that various examples are stated in the submission related to current ability of the directors for the purpose of considering the interest of other stakeholders of the company. After analyzing the interpretation made by PJC it is clear that encouraging corporate social responsibility ultimately works in the best interest of the corporation and this is the reason directors are allowed to engage in corporate social responsibility. However, PJC also stated that directors of the company are mainly responsible towards the shareholders protection and not for the corporate social responsibility. While submission of report by Finance Sect or Union of Australia (FSU) to PJC and CAMAC, it was argued that there must not be a clear cut views which state that whether directors of the company are allowed to consider other matters which are not related to the financial performance and future of the company. This argument is considered as limitation because directors must be held responsible for the impact of their action on other stakeholders for the purpose of ensuring good future of the company. According to the Milton Friedman the ultimate responsibility of the directors is to increasing the profits of the company, but this statement face high level of criticism because it supports the idea that companies must make profit at all cost. As stated above all the companies differently interprets their duties towards other stakeholders of the company such as number of organizations are there which incorporate the corporate social responsibility in their practices of business and some other companies consider the interpretation more restrictively[14]. While submitting its report to CAMAC, NSW attorney general stated that reform of Australian directors duties must be clarified by the interpretation made by directors of James hardy. However reviewed made by DTI in the UK was also considering the duties of directors towards the other stakeholders of the company[15]. Because of this review Companies Act 2006 is introduced and this Act contains the Section 172. Before this review DTI never codified the duties of directors in United Kingdom. This review result in the introduction of companies act 2006 in the UK, and it also state section 172 which have very different approach towards directors duties as compared to section 181 of the act. The wordings of Section 172 is as follows: A director of a company must act in the way he considers, in good faith, would most likely promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole, and in doing so have regard (amongst other matters) to the likely consequences of any decision in the long term, the interests of the companys employees, the need to foster the companys business relationships with suppliers, customers and others, the impact of the companys operations on the community and the environment, the desirability of the company maintaining a reputation for high standards of business conduct, The need to act fairly as between members of the company. On first words stated in section 172 address maximum issues stated in section 181 of the Corporation Act, and it set the bar for all directors to acct I such a way as any responsible director do as per the NSW attorney general stated. It must consider the interest of shareholders but also keep in account the interest of other stakeholders and society. Additionally this section requires that directors must consider the long term interest of the company by balancing the interest of other stakeholders of the company. However some reports which are submitting to the PJC stated that section 181 must be replaced with section 172, but after considering the above arguments it is clear that any replacement of section 181 with section 172 negatively affect the business of Australia. In the present case, directors of the company wants to build the conventional onshore coal mine from which the Great Barrier reef get affected. In this case, section 181-184 are sufficient because it state that directors must act in the best interest of thee company. Conclusion: After analyzing all the facts stated above it is clear that there is no need to amend the Section 181 of the corporate Act as per the Section 172 of the Companies Act in UK. Directors are responsible to protect the investment made by shareholders and they play the role of the guardian of shareholders money. Consequently, the main duties of directors are towards the shareholders of the company and they work in the best interest of the shareholders. Section 181 of the Corporation Act state that directors must work in the best interest of the company and for proper purposes, and it must be noted that lack of mention of interest of other stakeholders does not mean that directors cannot take such interest into account. It is clear that for getting success for long run directors must consider the interest of the other stakeholders of the company. Those directors who are not managing their risk at accurate level and does not consider other factors are breaching their duty to act with due ca re and diligence. However, there are number of examples of the companies which are blindly engaged in the profit making and does not consider their other responsibilities, and it is necessary to look the negative impact of such thing on the growth is of such companies it must be noted that section 181 is criticized by number of directors for not imposing any obligation on directors towards other stakeholders, but this section provides huge flexibility which is considered as great strength of this section. In other words, section states that all actions of the directors must be in the best interest of the company which itself covers all the aspects of the shareholders and other stakeholders of the company. Therefore, there is no need to make any amendment in section 181 on the basis of section 172 of the UK companies act. References: Noel Purcell, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Corporate Social Responsibility, (Speech delivered at the 7th National Business Leaders Forum on Sustainable Development, Brisbane, 15-16 May 2006). Parliament of Australia, Corporate responsibility: Managing risk and creating value (21st June 2006) https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Corporations_and_Financial_Services/Completed_inquiries/2004-07/corporate_responsibility/report/index. Kim Kercher, Corporate Social Responsibility: Impact of globalisation and international business (2007) Corporate Governance e Journal, Bond University Facility of Law, Volume 1(4). Paul Redmond. Directors Duties And Corporate Social Responsiveness. UNSW Law Journal, Volume 35(1) https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UNSWLawJl/2012/13.pdf. David Greenberg, making corporate social responsibility an everyday part of the business of business: offering realistic options for regulatory reform, (2007) https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1339context=blr. Australian Institute of Company Directors, What are the duties of directors, https://www.companydirectors.com.au/membership/the-informed-director/what-are-the-general-duties-of-directors. Chartered Secretaries Australia, Providing your board with comfort on the accountability mechanisms operating in your company, https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=7cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwiz--7ztLXTAhVIQY8KHbRMCp4QFghPMAYurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.governanceinstitute.com.au%2Fmedia%2F426164%2Fproviding_your_board_with_comfort.pdfusg=AFQjCNGEK8qXwaNFiqaCvCns6NapTRRnKAsig2=kI5pWqP4IqKHc9hHu7aidg. Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd [1974] AC 821. Imperial Hydropathic Hotel Company Blackpool v Hampson (1882) 23 Ch D 1. Professor Ian Ramsay, Professor H A J Ford and Justice R P Austin, Fords Principles of Corporations Law. Current to November 2008, (8.010). Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, n 9, 45. Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporate and Social Responsibility, n2, 44. Milton Friedman, The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits New York Times Magazine 13 September 1970. Patricia Dermansky, Should Australia Replace Section 181 Of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) With Wording Similar to Section 172 of the Companies Act 2006 (UK), https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/1709832/60-Should_Austalia_replace_s181_of_the_Corporations_Act3.pdf.